Construction Supervision Ebook Free Download

CONTENTS

The Role of the Supervisor
Intended Audience
The Book’s Structure and Organization
Making the Most of the Book
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SECTION I: SETTING THE STAGE

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 

Introduction 3
Construction Volume and Impact on Society
Profit, Profitability, and the Supervisor’s Impact
Competition, Risk, and Construction Company Failure
Definitions and Roles of Construction Team Members
Becoming an Effective Supervisor
Summary

CHAPTER 2: SUPERVISION AND THE SUPERVISOR 

Introduction
Definition of Supervisor
The Supervisor’s Functional Role in a Construction Company
The Supervisor as Manager
Transition to Management
Attributes of Successful Supervisors
Levels of Supervision—Career Paths
Summary
SECTION II: SOFT SKILLS

CHAPTER 3: ORAL COMMUNICATION 

Introduction
Defining Communication
Characteristics of Communication in Construction
Critical
Time-Consuming
Pervasive
Improving One-on-One Oral Communication Skills
Barriers to Effective Oral Communication
Techniques for Improving the Effectiveness of Oral Communication
Repetition
Tell-Back
Feedback
Follow-Up 37
Active Listening 37
Factors Affecting Listening 38
Enhancing Active Listening 39
Customer Relations 40
Who Is the Customer? 40
Respecting the Customer 41
The Art of Negotiation 41
Summary 44

CHAPTER 4: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION

Introduction 47
Why Write the Message? 48
The Functions of Job Site Documentation 48
Improving Written Communication and Documentation 49
Job Site Communication and Documentation 50
The Job Log 51
Time Cards 54
Record or As-Built Drawings 57
Field Authorizations 57
Company Office Communication and Documentation 58
Memoranda 60
Letters 60
Minutes 62
Reports 64
Electronic Mail 69
Communications and Documentation Developed Outside the Company 70
Design Documentation 70
Production Documentation 70
Procurement Documentation 70
Organizing Construction Documents 71
Obtaining Information and Documentation 71
Summary 73

CHAPTER 5: TEAM BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE 

Introduction 75
The Critical Need for Effective Construction Teams 76
The Construction Team 78
Team Characteristics 79
Characteristics of Successful Team Members 80
Characteristics of Successful Team Leaders 81
Characteristics of Successful Teams 81
Team Formation 82
Forming 82
Storming 82
Norming 83
Performing 83
Maintaining Team Effectiveness 83
Maintaining Team Effectiveness at the Crew Level 83
Maintaining Team Effectiveness at the Project Level 84
Maintaining Team Effectiveness at the Company Level 85
Practical Team Building 85
Summary 87

CHAPTER 6: MAINTAINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EMPLOYEE AND THE EMPLOYER

Introduction 89
Evaluating Performance 90
Objectives of Performance Evaluations 90
Benefits of Performance Evaluations 91
The Process of Evaluating Performance 92
Formal Performance Evaluations 93
Informal Performance Evaluations 97
Diversity and Discrimination 101
Workforce Diversity 102
Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 103
Reasonable Accommodation 104
Family and Medical Leave Act 105
Avoiding Discrimination Claims 105
Harassment 105
Prevention of Discrimination and Harassment 107
Summary 108

CHAPTER 7: MANAGING THE HUMAN RESOURCE 

Introduction 111
The Supervisor as a Leader 112
How Is Leadership Defined? 112
Styles of Leadership 114
Autocratic Leadership 114
Democratic Leadership 115
Participative Leadership 116
Situational Leadership 117
Elements of Motivation 120
Freud and Subconscious Needs 121
Mayo and the Hawthorne Studies 121
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 122
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 128
Frederick Herzberg 130
Manager, Learn to Better Understand Yourself
as Well as Those around You 132
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 133
Temperament Theory 134
4-Dimensional Management 134
Emotional Intelligence 135
Summary 135

CHAPTER 8: RISK MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEM SOLVING 

Introduction 137
Identifying and Dealing with Risk 137
Definition of Risk 138
Financial Risk 139
Schedule Risk 139
Incident Risk 140
Design Risk 140
Quality Risk 140
Business Risk 141
Managing Risk 141
Problem Solving 142
Detect the Problem Early 143
Define the Problem Properly 145
Analyze the Problem 146
Develop and Analyze Creative Solutions 148
Select the Best Solution 149
Identify Side Effects and Mitigations 149
Implement the Selected Solution and Mitigations 150
Learn from the Process 151
Summary 151
SECTION III: TECHNICAL SKILLS 153

CHAPTER 9: SAFETY

Introduction 155
Accidents, Incidents, and Safety Risk 156
The Importance of a Construction Safety Program 156
The Supervisor’s Safety Responsibilities and Activities 158
Creating a Safe Work Environment by Removing Job Hazards 159
The Stakeholder’s Responsibility in Preventing Hazards 160
Removing Job Site Hazards 161
Developing a Mentality of Safety 163
Habitual Safety Practices 163
Recognizing and Correcting Unsafe Behavior 165
Effectively Dealing with Safety Events 166
Immediate Response to an Accident 166
Follow-Up Response to an Accident 167
Summary 167

CHAPTER 10: THE CONTRACT AS A MANAGEMENT TOOL 

Introduction 169
A Practical Understanding of the Contract 170
Required Elements for an Enforceable Contract 172
Meeting of the Minds 172
Offer and Acceptance 172
Mutual Consideration 172
Performance 172
Good Faith 172
No Violation of Public Policy 172
Components of the Construction Contract 173
Contract Couplets 174
Rights and Responsibilities 174
Written and Unwritten Language 175
Helpful and Harmful Language 175
Reading the Contract 176
Using the Contract 178
Properly Using the Contract 178
Functions of the Contract 179
Summary 181

CHAPTER 11: MANAGING PHYSICAL RESOURCES 

Introduction 185
Managing Manpower 185
Safety Considerations 187
Training 188
Managing Materials 189
Materials Procurement 189
Submittals 190
Managing Materials Deliveries 192
Job Site Materials Handling 193
Billable Materials 194
Managing Tools and Equipment 194
Training and Communication 195
Managing the Construction Site 195
Cash as a Resource 197
Managing Time on a Construction Project 199
Summary 199

CHAPTER 12: MANAGING COSTS: UNDERSTANDING THE ESTIMATE 

Introduction 201
The Estimate 201
Types of Estimates 202
Truisms Regarding the Estimate 203
The Supervisor’s Role 203
Estimating as a Career Option 203
Preparing the Estimate 204
The Detailed Estimate 205C O N T E N T S xiii
Preparing the Detailed Estimate 206
Estimating Materials Costs 206
Estimating Labor Cost 208
Estimating Equipment Cost 211
Subcontractor Proposals 214
Estimating Indirect Cost 215
Markup 216
Finalizing and Submitting the Estimate 217
Summary 218

CHAPTER 13: MANAGING COSTS ELEMENTS OF COST CONTROL

Introduction 221
The System Is a Cycle 221
The Project Budget and the Project Labor Budget 225
Labor Cost Reports 228
The Cycle Continues 233
Generating Historical Cost Information 233
Project Review 234
Summary 235

CHAPTER 14: MANAGING TIME ON A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

Introduction 237
Scheduling Defined 238
The Schedule as a Planning Tool 239
Importance of the Schedule 239
Types of Schedules 240
The Bar Chart 241
Network Schedules 247
The Critical Path Method (CPM) 252
Definitions 252
Network Calculations 255
Development of a Network Schedule and the Critical Path 256
Basic Truisms with Regard to the Critical Path 274
Network Schedule Updates 274
Short-Interval Schedules 275
Summary 277xiv C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER 15: MANAGING PRODUCTION 

Introduction 279
Understanding Production and Productivity 280
Improving Production 281
Improving Production in an Ongoing Activity 282
Production Analysis Tools 282
Two Basic Production Improvement Principles 288
Designing a More Efficient Task 289
First Run Study Setup 289
First Run Study Plan 290
First Run Study Execution 290
First Run Study Analysis and Re-Design 291
Two Operational Changes 291
Improving Construction Operations 292
The Breakdown of Traditional Controls 292
A Production Model for Construction 293
Production Model Simulation 295
Construction Process Design 297
Improving Reliability in Construction Planning 297
Summary 299
SECTION IV: PROJECT SUPERVISION 301

CHAPTER 16: PROJECT ORGANIZATION 

Introduction 303
Types of Projects 303
Other Classifications—Types of Contractors 304
Residential Contractor 304
Commercial Construction Contractor 305
Industrial Contractor 305
Heavy/Civil/Highway Construction Contractor 305
Project Delivery Methods 305
Design-Bid-Build 305
Design-Build 308
Construction Manager 309
Fast Track 312
Value Engineering 313
Types of Construction Contracts 314
Single Contract System 314
Separate Contracts System 315C O N T E N T S xv
Forms of Construction Contract Award 316
Competitive Bid Contracting 316
Negotiated Contracting 321
Competitive Sealed Proposals 324
Other Forms of Contracts 327
Time and Materials Contracts 327
Job Order Contracting 327
Project Organization and Relationships 327
Prime Contractor’s Project Organization 328
Subcontractor’s Project Organization 331
Summary 331

CHAPTER 17: MOBILIZATION

Introduction 335
Handoff from Preconstruction to Construction—Handoff Meetings 335
Preconstruction Conference 336
Setting Up the Site 338
Setting Up the Field Office 339
Establishing Field Procedures 341
Project Objectives 341
Summary 343

CHAPTER 18: ONGOING OPERATIONS 

Introduction 345
Documenting 346
The Job Log 346
Photographs for Documentation 349
Reporting 349
Cost Reports 349
Schedules and Schedule Updates 352
Incident Reports 352
Physical Progress 353
Retainage 360
Meetings 360
Preconstruction Meetings 360
Project Coordination Meetings 361
Safety Meetings 361
Intracompany Meetings 361
Training Meetings 362xvi C O N T E N T S
Changes in the Work 362
Quality, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control 363
Quality Assurance Programs 364
Definitions of Quality 364
Writings on Quality 365
A Practical Strategy 366
Summary 367

CHAPTER 19: CLOSEOUT OF FIELD OPERATIONS 

Introduction 369
Project Cleanup 370
The Commissioning Process 370
Tests and Certifications 371
Owner’s Manuals, Parts Lists, Equipment Warranties, and Spare Parts 372
Owner Training 372
Developing Final Documentation 373
Change Orders Finalized 373
As-Built Drawings 373
The Punchlist Process 375
Closing Out Subcontractors and Suppliers 376
Subcontractors 376
Suppliers 377
Final Request for Payment 377
The Certificate of Occupancy 377
Certificate of Substantial Completion 378
Project Review 379
Summary 380

CHAPTER 20: THE SUPERVISOR’S CONTINUING

DEVELOPMENT 383
Introduction 383
Change in the Construction Industry 383
Technology 384
Environmental Change 385
The Economy 386
Demographics and the Construction Workforce 387
Understanding of Construction Processes 387
Perceptions of the Roles of Management and Supervision 388
Recruiting and Preparing Construction Supervisors 389
Staying Ahead of the Curve 390

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