Advanced Concrete Technology Constituent Materials
Advanced Concrete Technology Constituent Materials
Contents
Part 1 Cements1 Cements 1/3
1.1 Introduction 1/3
1.2 History of Portland cement manufacture 1/3
1.3 Chemistry of clinker manufacture 1/5
1.3.1 Raw materials 1/5
1.3.2 The modern rotary kiln 1/6
1.3.3 Clinkering reactions and the materials present in Portland cement clinker 1/8
1.3.4 The control ratios 1/10
1.3.5 Calculation of clinker compound composition 1/12
1.3.6 Influence of minor constituents 1/12
1.4 Cement grinding 1/14
1.5 Portland cement hydration 1/15
1.5.1 Introduction 1/15
1.5.2 Hydration of silicates 1/15
1.5.3 Hydration of C 3 A and C 4 AF 1/16
1.5.4 Hydration of Portland cement 1/17
1.5.5 Optimization of level of rapidly soluble calcium sulfate 1/20
1.5.6 Techniques used to study hydration 1/21
1.5.7 Constitution of hydrated cement paste 1/221.6 Portland cement types 1/22
1.6.1 Standards 1/22
1.6.2 Main cement types 1/23
1.6.3 The European Standard for Common Cements (EN 197-1) 1/27
1.6.4 Other European cement standards 1/32
1.6.5 Other national standards 1/32
1.7 Cement production quality control 1/33
1.8 Influence of cement quality control parameters on properties 1/36
1.8.1 Key parameters 1/36
1.8.2 Water demand (workability) 1/36
1.8.3 Setting time 1/37
1.8.4 Strength development 1/37
1.9 Relationship between laboratory mortar results and field concrete 1/42
1.10 Applications for different cement types 1/42
1.11 Health and safety aspects of cement use 1/43
2 Calcium aluminate cements
2.1 Introduction 2/12.1.1 Terminology 2/3
2.2 Chemistry and mineralogy of CACs 2/3
2.2.1 Basics of hydration and conversion 2/6
2.2.2 Impact of conversion 2/9
2.3 Properties of fresh CAC concrete – setting, workability, heat evolution 2/12
2.3.1 Setting 2/12
2.3.2 Workability 2/12
2.3.3 Rate of reaction and heat evolution 2/13
2.3.4 Shrinkage 2/14
2.4 Strength development 2/15
2.4.1 Importance of water-to-cement ratio and control of concrete quality 2/16
2.4.2 Other factors affecting conversion and strength development 2/18
2.5 Other engineering properties 2/19
2.6 Supplementary cementing materials 2/19
2.7 Durability/resistance to degradation 2/19
2.7.1 Reinforcement corrosion 2/20
2.7.2 Sulfate attack 2/20
2.7.3 Freeze–thaw damage 2/21
2.7.4 Alkaline hydrolysis 2/21
2.8 Structural collapses associated with CAC concrete 2/21
2.9 Modern uses of CAC concrete 2/23
2.9.1 Resistance to acids/sewage networks 2/23
2.9.2 Resistance to abrasion and impact 2/24
2.9.3 Rapid strength development 2/25
2.9.4 Thermal resistance 2/25
2.10 Use of CACs in mixed binder systems 2/26
2.10.1 Stability of ettringite-containing systems 2/28
2.10.2 Dimensional stability of ettringite-containing systems and
shrinkage compensations 2/28
Part 2 Cementitious Additions
3 Cementitious additions
3.1 The pozzolanic reaction and concrete 3/33.2 Fly ash as a cementitious addition to concrete 3/3
3.2.1 The particle shape and density 3/6
3.2.2 Variability of fly ash 3/7
3.2.3 Fineness, water demand and pozzolanic activity 3/8
3.2.4 Heat of hydration 3/10
3.2.5 Setting time and formwork striking times 3/10
3.2.6 Elastic modulus 3/11
3.2.7 Creep 3/12
3.2.8 Tensile strain capacity 3/12
3.2.9 Coefficient of thermal expansion 3/12
3.2.10 Curing 3/12
3.2.11 Concrete durability and fly ash 3/13
3.2.12 Alkali–silica reaction 3/13
3.2.13 Carbonation of concrete 3/14
3.2.14 Sea water and chloride attack on reinforcing 3/14
3.2.15 Freeze–thaw damage 3/15
3.2.16 Sulfate attack 3/16
3.2.17 Thaumasite form of sulfate attack 3/16
3.2.18 Resistance to acids 3/17
3.3 Fly ash in special concretes 3/17
3.3.1 Roller-compacted concrete 3/17
3.3.2 High fly ash content in concrete 3/17
3.3.3 Sprayed concrete with pfa 3/17
3.4 Natural pozzolanas 3/18
3.5 The use of ggbs in concrete 3/18
3.5.1 Introduction 3/18
3.5.2 Production of ggbs 3/18
3.5.3 Chemical composition of ggbs 3/19
3.5.4 Chemical reactions 3/19
3.5.5 Blended cement production 3/21
3.5.6 Properties of concrete made with slag cements 3/22
3.5.7 Concluding remarks 3/34
3.6 Silica fume for concrete 3/34
3.6.1 The material 3/34
3.6.2 Inclusion in concrete 3/38
3.6.3 Hardened concrete: mechanical properties 3/43
3.6.4 Hardened concrete: durability-related properties 3/45
3.6.5 Concluding summary 3/48
3.7 Metakaolin 3/49
3.7.1 Occurrence and extraction 3/49
3.7.2 Metakaolin production 3/49
3.7.3 Physical properties 3/49
3.7.4 Reaction mechanisms 3/49
3.7.5 National standards 3/51
3.7.6 The effect of metakaolin on the properties of concrete 3/51
3.7.7 The durability of metakaolin concrete 3/54
3.7.8 Compatibility with blended cements 3/57
3.7.9 Efflorescence 3/57
3.7.10 Summary 3/57
3.8 Limestone 3/58
3.8.1 Limestone filler 3/58
4 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
4.1 Introduction 4/34.1.1 Definition and descripton 4/3
4.1.2 Brief history of admixture use 4/4
4.1.3 Admixture standards and types 4/4
4.1.4 Admixture mechanism of action 4/5
4.1.5 Rheology and admixtures 4/6
4.1.6 Cement and concrete chemistry in relation to admixtures 4/7
4.2 Dispersing admixtures 4/9
4.2.1 Normal plasticizers 4/9
4.2.2 Superplasticizers 4/10
4.2.3 Chemical structure of dispersing admixtures 4/10
4.2.4 Dispersing mechanism 4/13
4.2.5 Normal plasticizer performance and applications 4/15
4.2.6 Superplasticizer performance and applications 4/16
4.3 Retarding and retarding plasticizers/superplasticizing admixtures 4/17
4.3.1 Mechanism of retardation 4/17
4.3.2 Workability retention 4/18
4.3.3 Set retardation 4/19
4.3.4 Retarder performance and applications 4/19
4.4 Accelerating admixtures 4/20
4.4.1 Mechanism of acceleration 4/21
4.4.2 Accelerator performance and applications 4/21
4.5 Air-entraining admixtures 4/21
4.5.1 Factors affecting air entrainment 4/22
4.5.2 Freeze–thaw resistance 4/23
4.5.3 Air entrainment to reduce bleed 4/24
4.5.4 Compaction and adhesion of low-workability mixes 4/24
4.5.5 Bedding mortars and renders 4/25
4.6 Water resisting (waterproofing) 4/25
4.6.1 Mechanism 4/26
4.6.2 Admixture selection 4/26
4.7 Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures 4/26
4.7.1 Mechanism 4/27
4.7.2 Use of corrosion inhibitors 4/27
4.8 Shrinkage-reducing admixtures 4/28
4.8.1 Mechanism 4/28
4.8.2 Use of shrinkage-reducing admixtures 4/29
4.9 Anti-washout/underwater admixtures 4/29
4.9.1 Mechanism 4/29
4.9.2 Use 4/30
4.10 Pumping aids 4/30
4.11 Sprayed concrete admixtures 4/31
4.12 Foamed concrete and CLSM 4/31
4.13 Other concrete admixtures 4/32
4.13.1 Polymer dispersions 4/32
4.13.2 Pre-cast semi-dry admixtures 4/32
4.13.3 Truck washwater admixtures 4/32
4.14 Mortar admixtures 4/33
4.15 Grout admixtures 4/34
4.16 Admixture supply 4/34
4.16.1 Suppliers 4/34
4.16.2 Storage 4/35
4.16.3 Dispensers 4/35
4.16.4 Time of admixture addition 4/35
4.17 Health and safety 4/36
Further reading 4/36
Part 4 Aggregates
5 Geology, aggregates and classification
5.1 Introduction 5/35.2 Fundamentals 5/4
5.3 Geological classification of rocks 5/6
5.4 Sources and types of aggregates 5/12
5.4.1 Temperate fluvial environments 5/16
5.4.2 Glacial and periglacial regions 5/17
5.4.3 Hot desert regions 5/20
5.4.4 Tropical hot wet environments 5/21
5.5 Classification of aggregates 5/21
5.6 Aggregate quarry assessment 5/23
5.7 Deleterious materials in aggregates 5/25
5.7.1 Interference with the setting of the concrete 5/26
5.7.2 Modification to the strength and durability characteristics of a concrete 5/29
5.7.3 Unsound aggregate particles in concrete 5/29
6 Aggregate prospecting and processing
Mark Murrin-Earp6.1 Aims and objectives 6/1
6.2 Introduction 6/1
6.3 Extraction and processing of sand and gravel 6/2
6.4 Processing 6/5
6.5 Extraction and processing of limestone 6/10
6.6 Summary 6/11
Further reading 6/11
7 Lightweight aggregate manufacture
7.1 Introduction, definitions and limitations 7/17.2 Lightweight aggregates suitable for use in structural concrete 7/2
7.3 Brief history of lightweight aggregate production 7/3
7.4 Manufacturing considerations for structural grades of lightweight aggregate 7/4
7.4.1 Investment 7/4
7.4.2 Resources materials 7/4
7.4.3 Processes of lightweight aggregate manufacture 7/5
7.4.4 Production techniques 7/5
7.5 Production methods used for various lightweight aggregates 7/6
7.5.1 Foamed slag aggregate 7/6
7.5.2 Pelletized expanded blastfurnace slag aggregate 7/6
7.5.3 Sintered pulverized fuel ash (PFA) aggregate 7/7
7.5.4 Expanded clay aggregate 7/8
7.5.5 Expanded shale and slate aggregate 7/9
7.6 The future 7/10
7.7 Conclusions 7/11
8 The effects of natural aggregates on the properties of concrete
8.1 Aims and objectives 8/18.2 Brief history 8/1
8.3 Introduction 8/2
8.4 Classification 8/2
8.5 Sampling 8/2
8.6 Grading 8/3
8.7 Maximum size of aggregate 8/6
8.8 Aggregate shape and surface texture 8/6
8.9 Aggregate strength 8/8
8.10 Aggregate density 8/8
8.11 Drying shrinkage 8/9
8.12 Soundness 8/10
8.13 Thermal properties 8/11
8.14 Fines content 8/11
8.15 Impurities 8/12
8.16 Summary 8/13
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