Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures - Using Externally-Bonded FRP Composities in Structural and Civil Engineering
Strengthening
of Reinforced Concrete Structures - Using Externally-Bonded FRP Composities in
Structural and Civil Engineering
Contents
Preface ix
List of contributors
xiii
1 Role of bonded
fibre-reinforced composites in
strengthening of
structures 1
J J D
A R B Y
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is ‘strengthening with bonded
fibre reinforced
polymer composite
plates’? 1
1.3 The market for strengthening 2
1.4 Strengthening techniques 3
1.5 Advantages and disadvantages of FRP
composite
plate bonding 4
1.6 Client concerns when introducing new
techniques 8
1.7 Risk to clients when adopting FRP
composite plate
bonding 8
1.8 Conclusions 10
2 Review of materials
and techniques for plate bonding 11
L C H
O L L A W A Y A N D M B L E E M I N G
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Structural adhesive bonding 11
2.3 External strengthening using steel
plates 17
2.4 External strengthening using composite
materials 21
2.5 Strengthening of reinforced concrete
members in shear 34
2.6 Applications of FRP strengthening 36
2.7 Summary and conclusions of literature
review 38
2.8 References 39
3 Materials 46
A R H
U T C H I N S O N A N D J Q
U I N N
vvi Contents
3.1 Adhesive bonded connections 46
3.2 Composite materials 47
3.3 Adhesive materials 57
3.4 Adhesion and surface preparation 68
3.5 The bonding operation 75
3.6 Durability and fire 80
3.7 Painting 80
3.8 Summary 80
3.9 References 81
4 Structural
strengthening of concrete beams using
unstressed composite
plates 83
L C H
O L L A W A Y A N D G C M A Y S
4.1 Introduction 83
Part A Laboratory tests 84
4.2 General form and behaviour of loaded
beams 84
4.3 Geometric parameters 91
4.4 Discussion 107
Part B Field investigation 109
4.5 Testing programme for 18m beam 109
4.6 Observations 131
4.7 Concluding remarks 132
4.8 References 132
5 Structural
strengthening of concrete beams using
prestressed plates 135
H N G
A R D E N A N D G C M A Y S
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Review of previous prestressing
studies using composite
plates 137
5.3 Prestressing technique employed in the
laboratory 138
5.4 Results of laboratory tests for
concrete beams
strengthened with prestressed
plates in the ROBUST
programme 140
5.5 Results of field investigations of
concrete beams
strengthened with
prestressed plates in the ROBUST
programme 146
5.6 Observations 149
5.7 Concluding remarks 154
5.8 References 154
6 Environmental
durability 156
A R H
U T C H I N S O N A N D L C H O L L A W A YContents vii
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Environmental and service conditions
157
6.3 Factors affecting joint durability 158
6.4 Environmental durability of adhesive
bonded joints 160
6.5 Procedures for assessing environmental
effects
on materials and on
bonded joints 163
6.6 Effect of environment on the component
materials used
in the ROBUST system
166
6.7 Influence of surface treatment and
effects of environment
on joints and
interfaces 173
6.8 Other factors affecting service
performance 179
6.9 Summary 181
6.10 References 181
7 Time-dependent
behaviour and fatigue 183
R A B
A R N E S A N D H
N G A R D E N
7.1 Introduction 183
PART A Time-dependent behaviour 183
7.2 Introduction 183
7.3 Time-dependent characteristics of
concrete 184
7.4 Time-dependent characteristics of
steel 184
7.5 Time-dependent characteristics of
adhesives 184
7.6 Time-dependent characteristics of
plated beams using
steel plates 192
7.7 Time-dependent characteristics of FRP
component
materials and FRP
composites 194
7.8 Time-dependent characteristics of
plated beams using
polymer composite
plates 196
7.9 Creep tests conducted during the
ROBUST project 197
PART B Fatigue behaviour 200
7.10 Introduction 200
7.11 Fatigue of unplated beams 201
7.12 Fatigue of adhesives 203
7.13 Fatigue of FRP materials 206
7.14 Fatigue of plated beams using steel
plates 208
7.15 Fatigue of short span plated beams using
FRP plates 211
7.16 Fatigue of long span plated 2.3 m beams using FRP plates 213
7.17 Concluding summary 217
7.18 References 218
8 Analytical and
numerical solutions to structural
strengthening of beams
by plate bonding 222
P S L
U K Eviii Contents
8.1 Introduction 222
8.2 Classical analysis 223
8.3 Finite element analysis 223
8.4 Effect of adhesive material 231
8.5 Prestressed 18.0m concrete beams 231
8.6 Beams with unstressed plates 234
8.7 Beams with stressed plates 237
8.8 Concluding remarks 240
8.9 References 241
8.10 Bibliography 241
9 Design and
specifications for FRP plate bonding
of beams 242
M B L
E E M I N G A N D J J D A R B Y
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Practical design rules and guidelines
242
9.3 Application of the technique 257
9.4 Materials 258
9.5 Workmanship 260
9.6 Quality control 261
9.7 In-service inspection and maintenance
266
9.8 References 267
9.9 Bibliography 268
10 Site construction techniques 270
A P R
I M O L D I
10.1 Introduction 270
10.2 Steel plate bonding 270
10.3 Adhesive bonding of carbon fibre
composite plates –
site requirements 272
10.4 Economics 286
10.5 Conclusion 287
10.6 References 287
11 Case studies of carbon fibre bonding
worldwide 288
M A S
H A W A N D J
F D R E W E T T
11.1 Introduction 288
11.2 System properties 289
11.3 Case histories 290
11.4 References 324
Index 325
325
Index
3M adhesive, 104
absorption of water
into adhesives and
adherends, 161
adherends, 170
surface preparations
for, 72–6
adhesives, 12, 57, 61,
62
adhesive
application, 76–7, 261
behaviour (under load)
of, 164
bond strength, 15
bonding
characteristics, 47
bonding to CFRP plates
– site
requirements, 272–6
concrete interfaces,
174
curing, 77, 264
durability, 80
effects of environment
on joints and
interfaces, 173
heat distortion
temperature, 264
joints, effects of
surface treatment on,
173
mechanical properties,
264
mixing, 76–7, 264
moisture resistance,
264
placing, 264
properties, 61–7
quality control, 261
selection, 160, 259
storage time, 264
structural, 12
tests, 67, 263–6
thickness effects of,
106
usable life of, 61, 264
adhesion, 68
promoters, 61
primers, 61
aliphatic polyamines,
60
aramid fibre, 48, 50, 55
composite
(bi-directional), 55
composite
(unidirectional fibres), 55
reinforced plastics,
55, 74
anchorage of composite
plate, 101–6
applications of FRP
strengthening, 36
ASTM (1983) and (1984),
68
Auckland New Zealand
floor strengthening,
316–17
autoclave moulding
technique, 50
bi-linear kinematic
hardening (BKIN) –
FEA option, 225–6
Boeing wedge cleavage
test, 25
bonded joints (experimental
considerations), 164
bonding of
anchored plates, 280–2
multi-plates, 281
prestressing CFRP
plates, 282
unanchored plates,
276–80
undrilled plates, 281
bonding operation, 75
bond line thickness
control, 77
Brno hospital Czech
Republic floor slab
strengthening, 315–16
BS EN 29142 (1993), 163
Budapest strengthening
of floor, 313–14
CarboDur strengthening
system,
application of, 297
carbon fibre, 1, 9, 48,
49, 54, 80
CFRP, 24, 54–5
Unidirectional, 53, 171
Toray T700, 54
composite behaviour
under load, 64
composite material, 47,
52, 258–9
behaviour under load,
164
deterioration of, 171
environmental effect
on, 166
plate end geometry, 25
unidirectional, 54
cost comparison of
steel and composite
plate bonding, 22
coupling agent, 61
creep
of FRP composites, 9,
56, 194–6
of structural
adhesives, 184–7
of steel plated beams,
192–4
testing of CFRP
material, 197
testing of CFRP plated
beam, 197–200326 Index
degradation, processes
involved in joint,
162
Department of
Transport, 17
diffusion of water into
adhesive and
adherends, 161
Dresden concrete bridge
beam
strengthening, 320–1
Drucker–Prager FEA
option, 225–6
durability, 8, 9, 256
of concrete, 156
main factors affecting,
159
dynamic fatigue, 200
economics of CFRP
plated beams, 286
environmental
conditions, effects on
adhesive joints, 157,
163
assessing degradation
on joints, 163
durability of adhesive
joints, 156, 160
moisture on adhesive
joints, 161
end anchorage, 255
end anchorage peel
stresses, 246–50
environmental effects
on
fatigue behaviour, 202
small scale specimens,
178
EMPA, 18, 24, 31
epoxy resins, 1, 12,
46, 48, 54, 58, 59
epoxy resin additives,
60
epoxy resin rubber
toughened, 29
EUROCOMP, 74
failure mode of plated
RC beam, 243–6
fatigue, discussion of
plated beam tests
under, 216–17
fatigue
of adhesives, 203–6
of aramid composites,
55
of FRP material, 206–8
of FRP plated short
span beams, 211–13
of FRP plated long
span, 213–15, 255
of post tensioned
prestressed beams, 200
of R.C. concrete bridge
decks, 201
of steel plated beams,
208–10, 255
fatigue, Dynamic, 200
fatigue of E-glass
composites, 55
finite element analysis
of
18 metre beams, 231–3
effect of adhesive
material on beams, 231
effect of mesh density
on beams, 229–31
plated beam, 2D, 225–6
plated beam, 3D, 227–9
prestressed concrete,
223
RC, 223
results of prestressed
plated beams, 237–9
results of unstressed
plated beam, 234–7
finite element analysis,
crack approach for
concrete
discrete, 224
smeared, 224
fire comparison, steel
and CFRP plated
beams, 23
fire resistance, 6, 80,
256
of vinylester, 179–81
freeze thaw resistance,
6
FRP, fatigue of, 206–8
adherends, 170
deterioration of
mechanical property,
170
surface environment on
properties –
chemical, 170;
mechanical, 170;
physical, 170
FRP plate
anchorage, 18
separation, 18
Fujimi bridge culvert,
Japan, 38
galvanic corrosion, 80
glass fibre, 1, 48, 55
A, 48, 49, 54
E, 48, 49, 54, 55
environmental attack
on, 172
R, 48, 49, 54
reinforcement, 9
S, 49, 54
glass transition
temperature, 58, 63, 163,
164, 168, 171
Great Missenden
underpass strengthening,
310–11
grit blasting, 6
heat distortion
temperature (HDT), 67, 265
heat distortion tests,
265
Hata bridge Japan, 38
Horgen ferry bridge
strengthening, 322–3
Ibach bridge, 36
inspection and
maintenance of strengthened
structures, 266
interface –
FRP/adhesive joint, 176
isophthalic polyesters,
158, 172
joints, adhesive
degradation of, 162
effect of environment
on, 173
environmental and
service conditions, 157
factors affecting joint
durability, 158
surface treatment of,
173
joints,
adhesive/concrete interfaces, 174
joint performance
fire, 179
freeze/thaw, 179
Kevlar 29, 50
Kevlar 49, 50, 55
Kings College Hospital
roof strengthening,
37, 290–3
lap joint test, 262
limit state for
strengthening beams, 254
limit state partial
safety factors, 254
Loano Genova apartment
balconies
strengthening, 318
Magdeburg Olvenstedt
strengthening of
balconies, 312–13
maintenance
of CFRP plated beams,
286of strengthened structure, 266
masonry walls,
strengthening of, 301–4
methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK), 73
mixing requirements for
adhesives, 264
moisture resistance of
adhesives, 264
Oberriet Meiningen
bridge, Switzerland,
293–301
structural analysis and
design of, 295
orthophthalic
polyester, 158, 172
partial safety factors,
limit state, 254
peel
at end anchorage,
246–50
at wide shear/yield
crack, 250–2
ply, 9, 52, 73, 260
stress, 47
test, modified, 16
plate end geometry, 100
plate stiffness, effect
of increasing, 106
polyacrylonitrile PAN
fibre, 49
polyester resin, 12, 48
polyester, unsaturated,
13
prepreg, 50
prepreg tapes, 99
prestressing of CFRP
plates, 31, 282–6
externally bonded
plates, 136
laboratory techniques
for, 138–40
prestressed concrete
beams, testing of, 113
prestressed plates, 135
segmental construction
using, 135
strengthening of
prestressed concrete
beams by, 135
properties
of Sika CarboDur
material, 289
of Sikadur 30, 289
pultrusion, 51–2
CFRP plates, 54
pull-off tests PrEN
1542 (1996), 174
quality control of
adhesives, 261
Quinton bridge, 17
reinforced concrete
beams
plated, 85–91
unplated, 84
RILEM 15
shear
connection in
steel/concrete construction,
16
effects in R.C. theory,
252
lap joints, 105
span/beam depth ratio,
88, 91, 93, 94, 97,
98, 100, 105, 108, 252
strengthening, 34
stress between plate
and concrete,
longitudinal, 252
test slant, 15, 16, 165
Sikadur 31 PBA,
properties
creep, 187
environmental, 166, 168
interfacial failure,
169
material
characteristics, 169
mechanical, 63
moisture absorption,
168
thermal cycling, 168
toughness of joints,
169
Silane surface primer,
16
Sin wooden bridge, 37
strengthening of, 305–9
Skipton bridge
strengthening, 323
steel plates external
strengthening, 17
steel plate bonding,
site technique for, 270–1
strengthening of
structures
advantages, 4
marketing, 2
techniques, 3
stress rupture, 56
structural adhesives
bond tests, 15
requirements for, 14
type of, 12
Stuttgart waffle slab
strengthening, 319–20
surface preparation of
adherends, 68, 70, 76,
260
thermal expansion
coefficient, 56, 171
thermomechanical
performance, 48
thermosetting resin, 48
thick adherend shear
test (TAST), 67
time dependent
characteristics of
adhesive polymer, 184–7
composite plated beams,
196
concrete, 184
FRP composites, 194–6
steel, 184
steel plated beams,
192–4
Tokando Highway bridge
Japan, 38
Tougheners, 61
Transport Research
Laboratory, 17, 18, 193,
201
transverse tensile
stress, 48
Tutbury UK, beam
strengthening, 324
Tyne and Wear UK,
subway strengthening,
309–10
urethane adhesive, 16
urethane methacrylate,
48
vacuum bag moulding,
50, 53
vandalism, 256
vinylester, 1, 46, 48
in fire, 179–81
wedge cleavage test,
262–3
Yoshino Route Tunnel,
Japan, 38
zirconia glass, 9
Zurich, ground floor
strengthening of rail
terminal, 37
strengthening of masonry
wall,
Switzerland, 301
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I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.
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