Sequence of earth works

Sequence of earth works

Materials and Tools Used:

The following are the materials used for the earthwork for foundation.

1.  Spade,

2.  Kassi,

3.  Pick Axe,

4.  Crow Bar,

5.  Rammer,

6.  Wedge,

7.  Boning Rod,

8.  Sledge Hammer,

9.  Basket,

10. Iron Pan,

11. Line and Pins

Drawings Required

1. Centerline Drawing

2. Layout Plan

Size of Foundation

a. For Main Walls 4’0” Depth

b. For Partition Walls 2’0” Depth

Scope of the work:

·         Setting out of corner benchmarks.

·         Survey for ground levels.

·         Survey for top levels

·         Excavation to approved depth.

·         Dressing of loose soil.

·         Making up to cut off level

·         Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.

·         Marking boundaries of the building.

·         Constructing protection bunds and drains

Working Procedure

     The extent of soil and rock strata is found by making trial pits in the construction  site. The excavation and depth is decided according to the following guidelines in  the site

i. For Isolated footing the depth to be one and half times the width of the foundation   - 44 -

ii. For adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width (i.e.) one and half  times the length

iii. 1.5m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton soils  In this site open foundation pits for columns and trenches for CR Masonry was carried  out. The maximum depth was upto 3m.  Setting out or ground tracing is the process of laying down the excavation lines and  center lines etc. on the ground before the excavation is started. The center line of the  longest outer wall of the building is marked on the ground by stretching a string between  wooden or mild steel pegs. Each peg may be projected about 25 to 50 mm form the  ground level and 2m from the edge of the excavation. The boundary is marked with the  lime powder. The center lines of other walls are marked perpendicular to the longer  walls. A right angle can be formed by forming 3, 4 and 5 triangles. Similarly, outer lines  of the foundation trench of each cross walls and are set out

Removal of Excess Soil

· Estimate the excavated stuff to be re-utilized in filling, gardening, preparing roads, etc.As far as possible try to carry excavation and filling simultaneously to avoid double  handling. Select and stack the required material in such a place that it should not obstruct  other construction activities. The excess or unwanted material should immediately be  carried away and disposed off by employing any of the following methods.

·         Departmental labour.

·         Tractor.

·         Trucks.

QUALITY CHECKS FOR EXCAVATION

·         Recording initial ground level and check size of bottom.

·         Disposal of unsuitable material for filling.

·         Stacking suitable material for backfilling to avoid double handling.

·         Strata classification approval by competent authority.

·         Dressing bottom and sides of pits as per drawing with respect to centerline.

·         Necessary safety measures observed.

QUALITY CHECKS FOR FILLING

·         Recording initial ground level

·         Sample is approved for back filling.

·         Necessary marking/ reference points are established for final level of backfilling.

·         Back filling is being carried out in layers (15cm to 20cm).

·         Required watering, compaction is done. Required density is achieved.

Brick work

Working Procedure All the bricks to use in construction are soaked well in water so that they don’t absorb water from the mortar. Mortar is spread on the top of the foundation course over an area  to be covered by the edges of the wall. The corner of the wall is constructed first. The  excess mortar from the sides will squeeze out, which is cleaned off with trowel. The level  and the alignment are checked. If the brick is not in level, they are pressed gently further.  After having laid the first course at the corner, mortar is laid and spread over the first  course and the end stretcher is laid first and hammered it on the laid mortar. Perpends  must be kept vertical. This should be checked, as the work proceeds with the help of  straight edge and square. After having constructed the wall, jointing and pointing is done.

PCC

Materials and Tools used

·         Auto level instrument – 1 Nos

·         Wooden /Steel rammer – 1 Nos

·         Mixer machine – 1 Nos

Scope of work

·         Verifying levels and dimension

·         Ramming the earth surface

·         Placing the concrete.

·         Ramming and finishing the concrete surface

Working Procedure

·         Excavation levels and dimensions to be checked as per drawings. Remove all the  loose earth from the pits. Do water sprinkling and ramming the cleaned surface of  pit by mechanical rammer. Do the shuttering by planks and runners wherever if  necessary. Mix the concrete with required proportion and water cement ratio by  mechanical mixer machine and place the same in to pits. Poured surface to be  rammed and finished smoothly

About Author:

I am Thomas Britto here to share my experiences in the civil engineering field to all my readers.Today many students are struggling to buy books at high prices. So I decided to start a blog and share my experience and knowledge with all my readers.

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